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Practical ecology · Mobility

Electric or hydrogen cars? A non-technological comparison

Electric cars and hydrogen cars are two technologies that are revolutionising the car industry.

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The revolution in mobility and car manufacturing will come through electric cars and hydrogen cars. Both technologies offer at least two major advantages over traditional internal combustion engine vehicles: greater efficiency and lower emissions.

However, there is no shortage of critical issues, both with electric car technology and with hydrogen technology.

Overview of electric cars

Electric cars are only as clean as their source of electricity.
This is sometimes underestimated. A widespread adoption of electric cars without the development of electricity generation infrastructure partly cancels out the benefits of electric power. It is a fact, however, that in everyday use electric cars are generally cleaner than internal combustion engines.
Besides their power source, electric cars can also have a negative impact on the environment during the production of the vehicle and its batteries and in the recycling of its components, not to mention that the extraction of many of the raw materials raises both ethical and environmental problems.

Sales of battery electric cars (BEVs) are rising across Europe and, according to the annual Global Electric Vehicle Outlook, more are now sold every week than in the whole of 2012.
The electric car is quiet, smooth and efficient, with a range of up to 500 km or more between charges. The purchase cost of electric cars today is substantially comparable to that of conventional cars, and the major manufacturers forecast that prices will fall, even considerably, in the coming years. However, beware of maintenance over the years, which could be more expensive because of the need to replace the battery.

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Overview of hydrogen cars

Hydrogen cars are powered by an electric motor driven by hydrogen fuel cells, which convert hydrogen into electricity through a chemical reaction.
The only emission is water vapour: hydrogen fuel cell cars are refuelled at dedicated service stations.
The great thing about a hydrogen car is that it can be refuelled in the time it takes to fill a petrol or diesel car, it achieves a similar range, and it does all this while producing zero emissions.

Besides this refuelling speed, the main advantage of hydrogen cars is their potential for long-distance travel, which at present exceeds that of electric cars on average.
Hydrogen can be produced from a wide range of sources, so it can easily be scaled up to supply the enormous quantities of fuel needed for vehicles that have to cover long distances.

Today, however, Europe does not seem to be betting much on this technology. It can be said that on our continent there are no more than a handful of hydrogen cars on the road, and the number of refuelling stations is extremely low: around 228.
Asia, by contrast, has already decided to bet on hydrogen. The Japanese government plans to have 800,000 hydrogen vehicles on the roads by 2030, while China has set an ambitious target of 1 million by 2035.

There is therefore a very critical obstacle to their spread. A robust and efficient infrastructure must be created to support them, and this is no easy task. As we have said, hydrogen refuelling points are still very few. A major improvement in refuelling infrastructure will have to be achieved in the coming years if hydrogen engine technology is to become widespread in any significant way.

Future potential of electric and hydrogen cars

If this improvement is achieved, we can expect hydrogen cars no longer to be confined, as they are today, to the surroundings of fuel supply infrastructure (rather as happened with methane, which developed most in areas where refuelling was easiest).

The challenge of expanding the refuelling network certainly also concerns electric cars: the network cannot be called satisfactory today in relation to the vehicles already on the road, and it will be even less so if that fleet grows substantially in a few years.

Finally, consumers must be persuaded to adopt these technologies. They need to understand the benefits and be convinced that these might be worth the initial investment, which at the moment is still higher than that for a traditional car.
So who will win the contest between electric and hydrogen?

hydrogen carselectric carhydrogen

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