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Lifestyles · Health

The WBGT: one of the causes of death among workers in hot regions.

The workers recruited were mainly immigrants, and their working conditions have long been under scrutiny. The problem in Qatar and in other countries is, in particular, the so-called wet bulb temperature.

[suntipongchormali] © 123RF.com

To host the 2022 football World Cup, Qatar began building new stadiums in 2015: five, to be precise. The workers recruited are mainly immigrants to the Gulf country from various underdeveloped and poor areas; their working conditions have repeatedly been called into question by numerous investigations by foreign media.
Beyond deaths from workplace accidents, the main cause of the deaths recorded among the workforce was the climate: in particular, the so-called “wet bulb temperature”. What is it?

What is the wet bulb temperature?

In English, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, WBGT, the wet bulb temperature, is an index of how dangerous exposure to different temperatures and humidity levels is. It is the temperature, combined with humidity, beyond which the body can no longer evaporate sweat and overheats.

How is the WBGT obtained?

This temperature is obtained by combining three measurements:

  • The temperature measured by a thermometer wrapped in a damp cloth, which accounts for the effect of evaporation on the actual temperature.
  • The temperature of a thermometer shielded by a black container, which gives the temperature produced by the radiant effect (the sun’s rays heating an object).
  • The ambient temperature.
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Considering these three temperatures, we can say that if, for example, it is 31°C but the humidity is very high, the WBGT is still high and tolerance of the environmental conditions is at its limit. If the climate is drier, higher temperatures are needed to reach the same WBGT.

Why is humidity such an important factor in thermoregulation?

The human body must keep its temperature constant at around 37° in order to perform all its functions properly: to do so, it uses the thermoregulation mechanism. When it is very hot we sweat to remove excess heat: the sweat on the skin evaporates and we can continue to regulate our temperature. If there is too much humidity, the sweat cannot evaporate and the body stops expelling water.

Heatstroke

If the thermoregulation mechanism stops because of environmental conditions and heat cannot leave the body, the body begins to heat up, triggering peripheral hyperthermia, that is, a rise in temperature caused by external rather than internal factors (such as an infection).

During heatstroke there is a confused state, hypovolaemic shock, dehydration, disorientation and so on. Body temperature rises above 40° and, besides fluids, a great deal of salt is lost, including sodium and potassium, which are essential for proper muscle contraction and, consequently, for the heart as well.

At a temperature of 41° the brain can suffer irreversible damage; at 43-44° sudden death from heat occurs.

How to prevent heatstroke
Acclimatisation is essential: gradually getting used to very high temperatures significantly reduces the loss of mineral salts. Hydration is extremely important, as are cold water compresses, avoiding heavy physical activity and not exposing oneself to high temperatures during the hottest hours.

All of this, evidently, was not allowed to the workers in the working conditions of the Qatari stadiums.

Machine translation

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